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    2024年10月16日,在2024(第二十六届)中国国际矿业大会“一带一路”地学合作与矿业投资论坛上,自然资源部中国地质调查局国际矿业研究中心发布了《全球矿业发展报告2024》。报告综合分析了新周期下全球矿业发展态势,是我国研究机构持续服务全球矿业可持续发展的系列研究成果之一。

    报告显示,新周期下全球经济艰难前行,地缘政治和金融政策渗入全球制造业格局演变,产业链供应链风险上升。全球固体矿产勘查投入约127.6亿美元,同比下降1.8%。全球矿业项目融资下降但并购金额增加。

    供需方面,全球能源资源新增储量、产量、消费量持续调整。其中,化石能源整体供需双升。大宗矿产供需分化明显,钢铁供需双降,供应过剩程度增加;铜供给增速高于需求增速,供需缺口大幅缩小;铝供给增速高于需求增速,供过于求。战略性新兴矿产产量快速增长,锂、钴、镍均供过于求,贸易量下降明显。贵金属黄金需求冲高后回落,白银供增需降,铂金供需双降。

    市场价格方面,国际矿产品价格总体震荡下行。能源矿产品均价下降,大宗固体矿产价格震荡加剧,电池级碳酸锂年内价格跌幅超八成。矿业公司股价震荡下行。主要油气公司股价下滑,净利润下降明显;主要固体矿产公司股价先抑后扬,净利润下降超二成,但总体仍保持高位;战略性新兴矿产公司股价大幅下降,利润同比下降超六成。黄金业务公司净利润和市值持续上涨。全球50强矿业公司总市值相对稳定但结构变化大。全球锂电产业链整体需求放缓,全球氢能项目规模持续扩大,但实际部署不及预期。ESG标准嵌入头部企业架构并融入未来发展战略。

    报告指出,2023年全球主要国家和地区持续更新战略性矿产政策,通过达成关键矿产政府间战略合作或贸易协议、出台发展关键矿产及供应链的法律法规及政策、推进矿业项目与基础设施协同等方式,促进矿产产业链本土化和矿业可持续发展。新一轮科技革命和产业变革深入发展,矿业开发技术装备成为国际矿业合作博弈中关键变量。AI找矿探索变革矿产勘查范式,矿业发展新质生产力未来可期。全球勘查开发、资源回收利用等技术装备加速发展,呈高效化、智能化、高精度、低碳化等态势。低品位难选矿技术向绿色化、自动化方向发展。大型化、多力场、自动化与多学科交叉是低品位矿产资源选矿设备研发重点。

    报告预计,新质生产力赋予矿业高质量发展新动能。卫星遥感、大数据、物联网等先进技术将持续催生AI找矿、智能矿山等新产业,数据资产定价将引领全球矿业新基建,促进矿产资源综合利用水平提升和城市矿产利用。在人类命运共同体理念指引下,矿产原产地产业链延伸不可逆转,制造业大国和基建大国凸显竞争优势,将为全球矿业合作持续贡献产业力量。各国应加强关键矿产领域协作,共同维护产业链供应链稳定畅通,引导推动矿业节约集约和绿色发展,为世界经济增长贡献力量。

    The industrial and supply chain of the mining industry adjusts, the global mining development begins a new cycle

    The International Mining Research Center of China Geological Survey, Ministry of Natural Resources has released the “Global Mining Development Report 2024” at “Belt and Road” Geoscience Cooperation and Mining Investment Forum of the 26th China Mining Conference and Exhibition on October 16th, 2024. The report comprehensively analyzed the global mining development trend under the new cycle, which is one of the contributions to sustainable development of global mining from Chinese research institutions.

    According to the report, the global economy faced growth challenges since 2023. Geopolitical and financial policies have influenced the evolution of the global manufacturing landscape, leading to increased risks in industry and supply chains. The global exploration investment for major solid minerals amounted to USD12.76 billion, down 1.8% year-on-year. The mining financing has reduced, but Mergers and acquisitions amount has increased.

    The production, consumption, and trade of Global energy and resources have continued to grow, with adjustments in supply and demand structures. The overall supply and demand for global fossil fuels have both risen. The supply and demand for bulk solid minerals are clearly differentiated: The supply and demand for steel have both fallen, leading to increased oversupply; copper supply grows faster than demand, causing a significant expansion of the supply-demand gap; aluminum supply also outpaces demand, resulting in oversupply. The production of strategic emerging minerals is rapidly increasing, with lithium, cobalt, and nickel all facing oversupply, leading to a noticeable decline in trade volumes. Precious metals gold demand once peaked and then fell back; silver has seen an increase in supply and a decrease in demand; platinum has experienced a decrease in both supply and demand.

    In 2023, international mineral product prices generally experienced a downward trend. The energy mineral product prices decline overall. The bulk solid minerals showed increased price volatility. Battery-grade lithium carbonate prices dropped by over 80% during the year. The stock prices of mining companies also had a volatile decline. Major oil and gas companies saw their stock prices decrease, with a significant drop in net profits. Stocks prices for major solid mineral companies initially fell but later recovered, with net profits declining by more than 20%, although overall profits remained high. Strategic emerging mineral companies experienced sharp declines in stock prices, with net profits dropping by more than 60% year-over-year. Gold companies saw continued increases in net profits and market value. The total market value of world’s top 50mining companies has remained relatively stable, yet structural changes have been significant. The global lithium battery industrial chain saw a slowdown in overall demand. Global hydrogen energy projects continued expanding in scale, but actual deployment fell short of expectations.

    The report noted that countries continuously updated strategic mineral policies. They implemented various incentive and intervention measures, including forming strategic intergovernmental cooperation or trade agreements on critical minerals, enacting laws and policies to develop critical mineral resources and supply chains, and promoting the coordination of mining projects with infrastructure development. As the new round of technological and industrial revolutions continues advancing, mining technology and equipment have become critical variables in international mining cooperation and competition. Artificial intelligence (AI) is driving a paradigm shift in mineral exploration, offering promising prospects for new quality productive forces in the mining industry. The rapid development of technical equipment for global exploration, R&D, resource recycling and utilization, and other aspects is leading to more efficient, intelligent, high-precision, and low-carbon solutions. Low-grade and hard-to-process ore beneficiation technologies are evolving toward greener and more automated processes, with the development of large-scale, multi-field, automated, and interdisciplinary beneficiation equipment being a key focus for low-grade mineral resources.

    Looking to the future, new quality productive forces are driving high-quality development in mining. Advanced technologies such as satellite remote sensing, big data, and the Internet of Things will continue fostering new industries like AI-driver mineral exploration and intelligent mining. The valuation of data assets is expected to lead the way in new global mining infrastructure, enhancing the comprehensive utilization of mineral resources and urban mining, which will provide new momentum for the industry’s development. Guided by the concept of building a community with a shared future for mankind, we will see a inevitable extension of industrial chains in mineral-producing regions, with manufacturing and infrastructure powerhouses highlighting competitive advantages. These countries will continue contributing to global mining cooperation. Countries should strengthen collaboration in critical mineral sectors to jointly maintain stable and smooth industrial and supply chains, and to guide and promote resource-saving, intensive, and green development in mining, thereby contributing to global economic growth.

     

     
    《全球矿业发展报告2024》显示 全球矿业产业链格局调...

    因为这场盛会,第26次与你相遇。

    老朋友、老地方,让对话与交流如此融洽,也让共识与信任更加稳固。在这里,我们一起见证矿业的繁荣兴盛,也共同经历矿业的凛冽寒冬;感触矿业深度调整的强劲脉搏,也洞见矿业壮阔前行的美好未来。

    25年,崎岖成大道,阡陌变通途。中国国际矿业大会一路成长、日臻完善。借助这方平台,中国矿业以开阔的胸襟、开放的姿态,加强与国际矿业的沟通融合,以一次次充分的对话,促成一次次多赢的合作。国际合作路径从无到有,多领域交流平台从小到大。一个更加绿色、更加安全、更加和谐、更加智能、更加高效的现代矿业,精彩于世界舞台,吸引了越来越多的志同道合者。

    作为全球规模最大、最具影响力的矿业展会之一,中国国际矿业大会无疑是全球矿业发展一个非常重要的风向标和晴雨表,从中可以一窥国际矿业发展的风云变幻、大势所向。

    我们看到,合作仍是一大主题。经过25年的发展,中国国际矿业大会已成为国内外矿业企业参与矿业国际产能合作、实现共赢发展的重要平台。以“共促矿业合作 共创美好未来”为主题,本届大会一如既往聚焦开放合作,推进践行共建“一带一路”倡议,旨在促进和深化国际矿业合作,实现互利共赢。

    我们看到,“朋友圈”在持续扩大。本届大会迎来30多个国家、地区和国际组织的来宾,近400家国内外参展商参展,近万名参会代表和专业观众参加大会,表现出高涨的热情。

    我们看到,矿业发展前沿在突破。1场主题论坛、5场高层论坛、18场专题论坛和13场专场推介将次第拉开帷幕……矿业领域的新进展、新动向、新趋势将在这里分享碰撞,矿业领域的新理论、新技术、新方法将在这里交流展示,矿业领域的新认识、新成果、新经验将在这里积淀呈现。

    此时此刻,世界的目光再一次聚焦中国、聚焦矿业。

    这是一个传统而不断焕新的行业。

    矿产资源是经济社会发展的重要物质基础,矿业已成为全球经济不可或缺的重要力量。时至今日,矿业的基础性地位依然没有改变,并在加快经济社会全面绿色转型中扮演着关键角色。

    当前,世界进入新的动荡变革期,全球经济复苏动能不足,全球矿业发展依然面临诸多挑战。

    无疑,这一形势将进一步加速全球矿业格局的深刻变革,世界各地正同此冷暖。

    面对严峻复杂的国际环境以及全球矿业供需格局的深化调整,构建矿业命运共同体、深入推进国际合作是当务之急。与人类经济社会发展深度交融的矿业,只有在全球范围可持续的交流合作中才能得以发展繁荣。让不同国家、不同阶层、不同人群都能从资源的可持续和绿色开发中受益,始终是发展矿业的终极目标。

    历史经验也证明,世界上没有哪个国家能够完全依赖本国的矿产资源满足自身所有的需求。矿产资源分布与利用的不均衡性,决定了必须通过加强国际交流与合作,实现更广泛更深层次的能源资源互补与共赢。

    多年来,我国矿业行业秉持互利共赢的原则,与世界很多国家在矿产资源勘查开发方面开展了卓有成效的合作,将绿色技术、绿色标准、绿色经验带到国外,把数字矿山、智能矿山、绿色矿山建到国外,有序推进新能源产业链合作,积极探索矿业高质量发展的共赢之路。与此同时,致力于形成开放稳定的国际矿产品市场,完善资源勘查开发合作机制,构建安全高效的矿产资源保障体系。

    我们有理由相信,矿业领域这样的合作还将持续,并不断深入。本届大会推出多个高质量论坛、专场推介等环节,正是有意促成国家与地区之间、产业之间、产业内部之间的开放与合作,形成多方合作共赢及方式多元的发展模式。

    如今的中国矿业,早已放弃不可持续的粗放式的发展模式,更加开放与现代,也更加理性与负责——注重数字技术的赋能、产业革新的裂变,注重资源安全与生态环境的统筹、矿山建设与绿水青山的协同。

    事实上,当前中国经济增长展现出的强大韧性和向好态势,不仅为全球经济增长注入稳定力量,也让矿业经济信心回归的步伐更加坚定。2024年1-7月,我国采矿业固定资产投资同比增长19.3%,涨幅较年初扩大了4.9个百分点,明显高于2023年全年的2.1%,延续了良好的增长势头。

    显然,这又是一个积极信号,对于推动中国矿业乃至全球矿业经济发展与繁荣具有重要的意义。

    志合者,不以山海为远。让我们再一次紧紧相拥,于本次大会中预判不确定性中的确定性,摸准矿业生生不息的新脉动,捕捉矿业转型发展的新机遇,深化交流合作,共促矿业繁荣,为实现人与自然和谐共生的现代化、构建人类命运共同体贡献更多的矿业力量、矿业智慧、矿业方案。

    以此为坐标,播种下希望,共赴一场关于矿业、关于人类美好未来的时间之约吧!

    Because of this event, we meet for the 26th time.

    Old friends and old places encourage cordial dialogues and foster robust consensus and trust. Here, we have observed the growth and expansion of the mining industry, as well as the challenges and setbacks it has faced. We have gained insight into the mining industry's strong pulse of deep adjustment and have seen the potential for its continued advancement.

    25 years of hard effort have transformed rugged paths into paved avenues and challenging terrain into accessible routes. The China Mining Conference and Exhibition has undergone considerable growth and improvement over time. Through this platform, China's mining industry has endeavored to enhance its communication and integration with the international mining industry with an open mind and a spirit of openness, striving to foster a mutually beneficial and win-win partnership through constructive dialogue. The international cooperation path has evolved from a nascent concept to a tangible reality, while the multidisciplinary exchange platform has expanded from a modest beginning to a significant presence. A greener, safer, more harmonious, smarter, and more efficient modern mining industry is a valuable asset on the world stage, attracting more and more like-minded professionals.

    As one of the world's largest and most influential mining exhibitions, the China Mining Conference and Exhibition is an invaluable barometer of global mining development, providing vital insights into the international mining landscape, and a comprehensive overview of the latest trends.

    We can see that collaboration remains a pivotal focus. Over the past 25 years, the China Mining Conference and Exhibition has evolved into a major platform for domestic and international mining enterprises to engage in international cooperation in production capacity in the mining industry, fostering mutually beneficial partnerships. This year's conference, themed "Promoting Mining Cooperation and Creating a Better Future", maintains a focus on openness and cooperation while furthering the "Belt and Road" initiative, aiming to facilitate and enhance international mining collaboration and foster mutually beneficial outcomes.

    We can see that the circle of friends continues to expand. This year's conference welcomes the participation of more than 30 countries, regions, and international organizations, nearly 400 domestic and foreign exhibitors, and nearly 10,000 delegates and professional audience members, showing high enthusiasm.

    We can see that the frontiers of development are being pushed to new heights. Over the course of this event, we will witness the launch of a comprehensive program that includes 1 theme forum, 5 high-level forums, 18 thematic forums, and 13 special promotions. New developments, trends, and directions in the mining industry will be shared and collided here. New theories, technologies, and methods in the mining industry will be exchanged and displayed here. New understanding, achievements, and experiences in the mining industry will be accumulated and presented here.

    At this juncture, the world's attention is once again focused on China and the mining industry.

    This is a traditional but continually evolving industry.

    Mineral resources serve as a cornerstone for economic and social progress, and the mining industry stands firm as a vital and indispensable pillar within the global economy. To this day, The foundational role of mining remains unshaken, and it plays an important part in catalyzing a comprehensive green transformation of our economic and social landscapes.

    In the present moment, the global economy is entering a new period of turbulence and change, and the current momentum of global economic recovery is insufficient. The development of the global mining industry still faces various challenges.

    Undoubtedly, this complex situation will accelerate the profound shifts in the global mining dynamic, with the whole world facing similar challenges.

    In light of the challenging and intricate international environment and the deepening realignment of the global mining supply and demand dynamics, it is crucial to foster a collaborative mining community and promote international cooperation. The mining industry, deeply intertwined with the economic and social development of humanity, can only flourish and develop through sustainable global exchanges and collaborative efforts. It has always been the ultimate goal of mining development to ensure that diverse nations, classes, and individuals benefit from sustainable and green resource development.

    Historical evidence has demonstrated that no single country can rely solely on its own mineral resources to meet all its needs. The uneven distribution and utilization of mineral resources necessitate that a broader and more profound complementarity and win-win situation in energy resources be achieved through enhanced international dialogue and cooperation.

    Over the years, China's mining industry, adhering to the principle of mutual benefit, has engaged in fruitful collaborations with numerous countries worldwide in the exploration and development of mineral resources, introduced green technologies, standards, and experiences abroad, built digital, intelligent, and green mines abroad, promoted the cooperation of the new energy industry chain in an orderly manner, and actively explored the win-win solution of high-quality development in mining industry. At the same time, we are committed to forming an open and stable international mineral market, improving the cooperation mechanism for resource exploration and development, and constructing a safe and efficient mineral resources guarantee system.

    We are confident that such collaborative efforts in the mining sector will persist and intensify. This year's conference, with its array of high-quality forums and special promotions, aims to contribute to the opening up and cooperation between countries and regions, inter-industries, and intra-industries, fostering a multi-party win-win solution and a diversified development model.

    Today, China's mining industry has long abandoned its unsustainable and rudimentary development model, evolving to be more open, modern, rational, and responsible. The initiative prioritizes the advancement of digital technology and the acceleration of industrial innovation, the integration of resource security with ecological environments, and the collaborative development of mine construction with the protection of lucid waters and green mountains.

    In fact, the strong resilience and positive trends currently demonstrated by China's economic growth not only provide a stabilizing force for global economic advancement but also reinforce confidence in the mining economy's recovery. From January to July 2024, China's investment in the mining industry's fixed assets increased by 19.3% year-on-year, which is a 4.9% rise compared to the beginning of the year and significantly higher than the 2.1% growth for the full year of 2023, thus maintaining a strong growth trajectory.

    This is undoubtedly another positive signal, which is of great significance for promoting the development and prosperity of China's mining industry and, by extension, the global mining economy.

    Those who share the same vision are not separated by mountains and oceans. Let us once again embrace each other tightly, foresee the uncertainties within the certainties, feel the new pulse of the mining industry, seize the new opportunities for its transformation and development, deepen cooperation and communication, promote mining prosperity together, strive for the modernization of harmonious coexistence between humanity and nature, and contribute to building a community of shared destiny, offering more mining power, wisdom, and solutions in this conference.

    Let us use this conference as a point of reference to plant the seeds of hope, and embark on a journey towards a promising future for the mining industry and for humanity as a whole!

     
    让我们再一次紧紧相拥——写在2024(第二十六届)中...

    After 219 days and 53,000 km on the sea, the 130 specialists on board the Chinese marine research vessel “Hai Yang Liu Hao” (Ocean 6) have completed their voyage across the western Pacific Ocean.

    The vessel of the Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey (GMGS) returned to Dongguan City in Guangdong Province, south China on Tuesday.

    The scientists conducted a wide range of research. They collected geological data and samples from the deep sea by using China’s unmanned submersible “Haima", capable of diving to a depth of 4,500 meters via remote control.

    The Chinese-made unmanned submersible “Haima” can dive to a depth of 4,500 meters via remote control. /CGTN Photo

    The largest sample collected by Haima at this mission is a “cobalt-rich crust” that weighs 62 kilograms.

    The cobalt is a kind of metal that can be used to make batteries for new energy vehicles and special materials used in aviation and aerospace projects.

    Mineral samples collected by Haima. /CGTN Photo

    Specialists also explored other mineral resources and observed marine life.

    Three scientists from Mexico, Ghana and Kenya were also on board the vessel as part of a month-long international training program, during which they were trained on sampling techniques, geophysical exploration techniques, marine environment evaluation methods, among other areas.

    Chinese scientists provided training for specialists from Mexico, Ghana and Kenya. /CGTN Photo

    The research vessel set off from Guangzhou City on June 26, 2017 for its 7th deep sea scientific expedition.

      

      

    CGTN:China's marine research vessel returns aft...

    2018年5月末,地调局成都综合利用所一行赴美国芒廷帕斯稀土矿调研,参观了采矿场、选矿车间、冶炼分离车间、发电厂、试验室等设备设施,学习了美国矿山安全生产知识,并与矿山运营单位MP MINE OPERATIONS LLC(以下简称MPMO)CEO Dr. Colin Nexhip先生和首席技术工程师Peter Landi先生就矿山运营发展等问题进行了深入交流。

    芒廷帕斯稀土矿是中国境外在运营的最大轻稀土矿山之一,稀土储量约1,669万吨,稀土氧化物(以下简称“REO”)约130万吨,REO平均品位为7.98%。芒廷帕斯矿山从1952年开始生产,在20世纪60至80年代期间曾是全球最大的稀土供应源。此后,随着中国稀土的发展壮大,受竞争压力和稀土价格等因素的影响,芒廷帕斯矿山于2002年关闭。2010年美国上市公司Molycorp投入巨资重启芒廷帕斯矿山,但由于技术、市场、财务成本等综合因素,矿山复产后持续亏损,Molycorp于2015年进入破产程序。

    MPMO公司由美国财团JHL、QVT和盛和资源联合成立,于2017年6月成功竞购了芒廷帕斯矿山资产,同年7月完成资产交割,开始着手恢复矿山生产。

    Dr. Colin Nexhip先生对成都综合利用所一行的到访表示热烈欢迎,他和Peter Landi先生一起详细介绍了芒廷帕斯矿山的运营情况和未来的发展规划。据Dr. Colin Nexhip先生介绍,目前芒廷帕斯矿山复产工作进展顺利,随着技术的改进和工人操作熟练度的提升,矿山生产日趋稳定,产量持续攀升,5月份产量达到复产以来的最好水平,未来仍有良好的提升空间。

    成都综合利用所对MPMO团队在矿山复产过程中的努力表示感谢,对矿山取得的成绩表示祝贺,对芒廷帕斯矿山未来的发展提出了建设性的建议,对全球稀土产业发展前景发表了独到的见解。

    双方均表示了保持持续沟通的意愿,希望共同努力促进全球稀土产业的健康发展。

     

    国外网站对成都综合利用所一行访美的报道:

    During the last week of May 2018, a delegation from Institute of Multipurpose Utilization of Mineral Resources in China visited the Will Scarlet rare earth elements mine in Southern Illinois. The Will Scarlet mine is considered the largest coal-based rare earth elements mine in the USA. It is particularly unique due to high levels of NdPr and other heavy rare earth elements. The Will Scarlet mine is particularly interesting due to the fact that it was once once of the largest coal mines in the USA and suffered from substantial acid mine drainage. The Will Scarlet mine is now a model for new “rare earth elements” harvesting from acid mine drainage (AMD). Increasingly, industrial rare earth element customers are seeking to access “recycled” materials that are part of the green supply chain. The link below provides access to several videos that feature Professor Rick Honaker from the University of Kentucky discussing the unique features and rich rare earth elements at Will Scarlet mine.

    译 文:2018年5月底,地调局成都综合利用所代表团受邀参观了美国伊利诺伊州南部的Will Scarlet稀土矿。Will Scarlet稀土矿是目前美国最大的煤基稀土矿,其镨、钕和其它重稀土元素含量较高。Will Scarlet稀土矿的稀土富集模式较为特殊,作为曾经美国最大的煤矿之一,闭坑后,煤尾矿中的稀土元素通过酸性废水(AMD)的作用被浸出并富集,是一种绿色稀土资源。目前,越来越多的稀土下游用户正在寻求这类绿色稀土资源以作为其绿色供应链的一部分,因此其该类型稀土资源具有较大的市场潜力。在访问过程中中国地质科学院矿产综合利用研究所代表团与ERP集团公司和肯塔基大学教授进行了深入的交流,双方也表达了进一步合作的意向。

    成都综合利用所代表团赴美国芒廷帕斯稀土矿山调研

    Workers stand in front of Songke 2, the deepest borehole ever drilled for scientific purposes by Asians, in Anda, Heilongjiang province, on Saturday. [Photo by GU LANDING/FOR CHINA DAILY]

    The deepest borehole to be drilled for scientific purposes by Asians-the first to penetrate a continental layer of strata from the earth's Cretaceous period-was completed in northeastern China on Saturday, four years after it began. It reached a depth of 7,018 meters.

    The project, Songke 2, in Anda, Heilongjiang province, started in April 2014, led by the China Geological Survey in cooperation with about 20 organizations, including the Institute of Exploration Technology, SinoProbe Center, China University of Geosciences, Jilin University and Daqing Oilfield Co.

    "On behalf of the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program, I would like to congratulate you on the project, which achieved an unprecedented depth," said Ulrich Harms, head of the ICDP's operational support group.

    "These technical achievements are outstanding and will have a long-term impact "on partnerships between industry and science worldwide, Harms said. "And it will have an impact on the scientists involved."

    The borehole is located in the Songliao Basin, one of the largest continental sedimentary basins in the world. It holds China's most important reserves of oil and natural gas.

    "The success of the project will provide key technologies and equipment for exploration and experimental research deep within the earth," said Cheng Qiuming, secretary-general of the International Union of Geological Sciences. "It will also open a new space for clean energy prospecting in Songliao Basin."

    Li Yuyan, chief engineer of Heilongjiang's Department of Land and Resources, said: "These technical achievements are outstanding and have been recognized both at home and abroad. We hope these energy sources can be developed as soon as possible, which will bring great benefit to the local residents and promote the economic development of the province."

    Wang Chengshan, an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and chief scientist of the project said: "In the 21st century, we have to face new challenges of survival and development, as well as huge challenges of resource scarcity, environmental change and frequent disasters. Therefore, we must go further into the deep earth, which has become the consensus of all the scientists in the world."

    The drilling project, Wang added, "achieved the first borehole in the world that goes through the continental stratum of the Cretaceous period, which has shown China's deep-earth capabilities".

    Harms said important scientific papers are emerging from the project, including descriptions of past climate change due to volcanism and a physical impact at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary, which makes Songliao an even more important site for China.

    The Kola borehole in northwestern Russia remains the deepest in the world. It reached a depth of 12,262 meters in 1989.

    CHINA DAILY:China completes drilling of deep bor...